UN MANUAL FOR ARABIC TRANSLATOR.

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  • amshahbawy
    عضو منتسب
    • May 2006
    • 255

    UN MANUAL FOR ARABIC TRANSLATOR.

    <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right" align="right"><b><span lang="AR-EG" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم<p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right" align="right"><b><span lang="AR-EG" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">كنت والحمد الله قد بدأت فى دراسة شهادة<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>الترجمة القانونية بقسم الترجمة فى الجامعة الأمريكية منذ حوالي ثلاثة شهور. وأنتهيت من دراسة مادة ترجمة وثائق الأمم المتحدة. والتى أفادتني كثيرا سواء فى فهم النص الإنجليزي عامة أو فى فهم بناء الجمل والتراكيب فى لغة الأمم المتحدة. فلكل تخصص (<font face="MS Serif, New York, serif">jargon</font>)مصطلحاته التي لا يستطيع الإلمام بها إلا من درس هذا التخصص ومارسه لفترة كبيرة. ولذلك سأبدأ أولا بذكر سمات اللغة المستخدمة فى وثائق الأمم المتحدة على غرار ما تلقيته من محاضر هذه المادة الدكتورة الفاضلة <u>إيناس الخطيب</u> والتي لم تدخر جهدا فى تعليم هذة المادة لنا, جزاها الله كل خير على ذلك.<p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right" align="right"><b><u><span lang="AR-EG" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 14pt; color: #993366; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">وفي الأثناء أرجوا من أساتذتنا على واتا تصحيح ما قد أسهو عنه, جزيتم خيرا<p></p></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right" align="right"><b><u><span lang="AR-EG" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 14pt; color: #993366; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><p><span style="text-decoration: none"> </span></p></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center" align="center"><b><span lang="AR-EG" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">أولا<u>: سمات اللغة المستخدمة فى الأمم المتحدة<p></p></u></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">نتحدث هنا عن اللغتين المصدر والهدف معا فالسمات المنطبقة في الأصل على اللغة المصدر المنقول منها تنطبق<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>علي اللغة الهدف المنقول اليها مع مراعاة بعض الإختلاف الذى قد يفرضه تنوع مفردات لغة عن أخرى وغيره من التراكيب وما شابه.<p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><u><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">السمات:</span></u></b><span dir="ltr"></span><b><u><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>(UN styles)</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><p></p></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">_عند الترجمة إلي العربية نستخدم لغة عربية فصيحة جدا</span></b><span dir="ltr"></span><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>(a highly formal language)</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><span dir="rtl"></span>.<p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">_ مراعاة حروف الجر</span></b><span dir="ltr"></span><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>(propositions)</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><span dir="rtl"></span> وعلامات الترقيم </span></b><span dir="ltr"></span><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>(Punctuations)</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><span dir="rtl"></span> بدقة متناهية.<p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">_ التقيد إلى اقصى حد بالتلازم اللفظى وهو مايعرف أيضا بالتناغم اللفظى </span></b><span dir="ltr"></span><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>(collocations)</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><span dir="rtl"></span>.<p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">_ نستخدم فى العربية جمعي المؤنث و المذكر السالمين ولا نستخدم جمع التكسير مطلقا.<p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">_الحفاظ على الترابط الداخلي للجملة وذلك باستخدام أدوات الربط.<p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">_معظم الجمل فى لغة الأمم المتحدة هى جمل تشبه القرار فى بنائها</span></b><span dir="ltr"></span><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>(resolution-like-sentence)</span></b><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><p> </p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">هذة نظرة عامة على اللغة المستخدمة فى ترجمة وثائق الأمم المتحدة. ولكن للوثيقة فى حد ذاتها ملامح تميزهاوهذا ما سأتحدث عنه فى المرة المقبلة إن شاء الله. <p></p></span></b></p><p><b><span lang="AR-EG" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: en-us; mso-bidi-language: ar-eg">إلي لقاء.......................<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> <img alt=" " src="http://www.wataonline.net/site/uploads/smil3dbd4e398ff7b.gif" />                                     </span></span></b></p>
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  • amshahbawy
    عضو منتسب
    • May 2006
    • 255

    #2
    _MD_RE: UN MANUAL FOR ARABIC TRANSLATOR.

    <p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><span><strong>                                                      </strong><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center" align="center"><span lang="AR-EG" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><u><strong>ملامح وثيقة الأمم المتحدة:<p></p></strong></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><br /><strong>1-تبدأ الوثيقة بمايسمى بالترويسة<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>(chapeaux</strong><span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong>): ويجب أن يوضع تحتها خط وأن تنتهي بفاصلة.<p></p></strong></span></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: 'book antiqua'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'book antiqua'">2- الديباجة </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: 'traditional arabic'"><span dir="ltr"></span>(preamble)</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: 'book antiqua'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'book antiqua'"><span dir="rtl"></span> : يتعين فى الديباجة أن يكون الفعل تحته خط, وأن ينتهي فى الإنجليزية ب</span></b><span dir="ltr"></span><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: 'traditional arabic'"><span dir="ltr"></span>(ING)</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: 'book antiqua'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'book antiqua'"><span dir="rtl"></span> ويترجم إلى العربية إما مفعولا لأجله مثل (إدراكاً, إعترافاً) أو الصيغة المكونة من إذ + الفعل المضارع مثل: إذ تدرك, إذ تسلم, وهكذا. ينتهي جزء الديباجة بالفاصلة المنقوطة: ( </span></b><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;">؛ </span></b><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: 'book antiqua'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'book antiqua'">).<p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">3- منطوق القرار</span></b><span dir="ltr"></span><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>( operative part)</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><span dir="rtl"></span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>غالبا ما يبدأ بالفعل فى زمن المضارع وأحيانا فى الماضي. والذى يحدد نوع الفاعل فيه الترويسة.<p></p></span></b></p><p><b><span lang="AR-EG" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: en-us; mso-bidi-language: ar-eg">4- يراعى استخدام الشهور السريانية وتوضع قبل الميلادية ويراعى أيضا استخدام الأرقام الرومانية.<br />5- يراعى استخدام الإختصارات وترجمتها إلى العربية بشكلها الكامل.<br /><br />إلي لقاء</span></b></p>
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    • amshahbawy
      عضو منتسب
      • May 2006
      • 255

      #3
      _MD_RE: Human Rights Conventions and Treaties:.

      الأخوة الكرام سلام الله عليكم
      *أعرف أنني كنت قد بدأت فى نقل ما تعلمته خلال دراستي لمادة ترجمة نصوص الأمم المتحدة ثم توقفت نتيجة لظروف عملي الصعبة والتي دائما ما تكون ليلا. واليوم والحمد لله أصابني دور برد شديد منعنى من الذهاب إلى العمل فجلست اتصفح موقع الجمعية التى افتقدتها كثيرا. وأردت أن أسهم بشىء فى هذا الموضوع المتواضع الذى ابتديته. فرايت أن أنقل لكم بعض المعلومات عن الطريقة التي تحذوها الأمم المتحدة في صياغة اتفاقيات حقوق الإنسان. وأرجوا أن لا يبخل أساتذتي هنا بتصحيح ما قد اسهو عنه. وإليكم مني أرق التحيات وفضلى الأمنيات
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      • amshahbawy
        عضو منتسب
        • May 2006
        • 255

        #4
        _MD_RE: Human Rights Conventions and Treaties:.

        <p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left" align="right"><b><span dir="ltr">The United Nations</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left" align="right"><span dir="ltr">Human Rights Conventions and Treaties:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left" align="right"><i><span dir="ltr">Process of Creation, Limiting the Effect of Conventions, Conventions Important to Human Rights, and Mechanisms of Enforcement <p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><b><u>This presentation will</u><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span>:</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">Define a treaty or convention.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">Explain the process of creating a UN convention.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">Explain how countries limit the applicability of some conventions and treaties through derogations, reservations and limitations<span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">Highlight six UN conventions important to human rights.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">Explain the UN’s enforcement agencies and measures to ensure the appropriate application of conventions</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center" align="center"><p> </p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><u>Definition of Treaty or Convention:<p></p></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">Treaty” and “convention” are interchangeable terms for a legally binding document of international law.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">Unlike declarations such as the UDHR, UN conventions and treaties create binding and enforceable law to the signing states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center" align="center"><p> </p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><u>Process of Creating a Treaty or Convention:<p></p></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">Working groups draft a treaty and propose it to the General Assembly.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">The UN General Assembly adopts the treaty and proposes it to member states for signatures.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">Member states sign and ratify the treaty or may also object to the treaty.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">The treaty enters into force</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center" align="center"><u><p><span style="text-decoration: none"> </span></p></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><u>First Step:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Drafting of the Convention<p></p></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-Working Groups are formed, comprised of representatives from member states as well as from nongovernmental organizations.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-These Groups conduct studies, receive recommendations from international organizations and state members on specific issues.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-With this information, the Groups draft a treaty or convention to propose to the UN General Assembly for adoption.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center" align="center"><p> </p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><u>Second Step</u>: UN General Assembly Adopts the Treaty </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-Once the treaty or convention has been proposed by Working Groups, the General Assembly holds a vote amongst the member states for adoption of the treaty.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-Adoption of a treaty or convention requires a two-thirds majority vote.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-In contrast, lesser decisions of the General Assembly usually require only a majority vote.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center" align="center"><p> </p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><u>Third Step</u>: State Involvement<br />Signature and Ratification of the Treaty</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-Member states sign and then ratify a treaty.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-A signature<span dir="rtl"></span><b><span dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span> </span></b>alone<span dir="rtl"></span><b><span dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span> </span></b>is still subject to ratification, giving the signing state signatory status only.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>A <b>signature is not legally binding </b>until the treaty is ratified.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Signatures merely declare that the state agrees with the principles of the treaty or convention.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><b>-Ratification</b> by a state indicates their consent to be legally bound to the terms of that treaty. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-In the <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">United States</place></country-region>, the President signs a treaty and only <b>Congress may ratify a treaty</b><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-The time gap between signing and ratification can be many years, thereby delaying enforcement of the treaty on a particular state.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><p> </p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">State Objection to a Treaty</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-However, any state may object to a treaty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-This is a formal declaration of objection to the treaty, having significance beyond merely not signing that treaty.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-A declaration of objection has the effect of putting all other countries on <b>notice</b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span> </span><b>that this state does not intend for the treaty to have any legal effect </b>between them and another country.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-Objections may also be made to other states’ reservations, such that the objecting state does not intend to honor that particular reservation.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><p> </p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><u>Last Step</u>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Entry into Force</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-The treaty’s provisions specify when the treaty is to enter into force.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left">-Included in the provisions is either a <b>specific date </b>for the treaty to take effect OR that the treaty is to take effect <b>upon certain conditions being met</b><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span>.</span></p><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: en-us; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa">-Finally, the treaty will come into legal force for all the ratifying countries according to the guidelines set forth in its provisions.</span>
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        • amshahbawy
          عضو منتسب
          • May 2006
          • 255

          #5
          _MD_RE: Human Rights Conventions and Treaties:.

          <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify"><strong>Limiting the Effect of a Convention through Derogations, Reservations or Limitations</strong>.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify"><strong><u>-Derogation</u></strong>- the suspension of a treaty for a temporary period of time.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify"><strong><u>-Reservation</u></strong><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span>- </span>the alteration of certain provisions of a treaty so as to render them unenforceable on the reserving state.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify"><strong><u>-Limitation</u></strong>- the interpretation of provisions according to local laws rather than by strict adherence to international norms.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify"><u>Derogations</u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify">-Derogation has the effect of <strong>suspending part of the treaty </strong>for a temporary period of time.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify">-Derogations should only be made in a time of <strong>state emergency</strong>, where suspension is necessary for the safety and welfare of that nation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>It is presumed that once the state of emergency has lifted, the state will no longer derogate.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify">-There is no derogation from the five <strong>non-derogable rights</strong>, rights which are seen as so fundamental that a state may not suspend them even in a time of war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify">-A major problem with derogation is that a state may remain in the necessary state of public emergency for years on end.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center" align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify"><u>Reservations</u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify">-A reservation has the effect of excluding or legally altering certain provisions of a treaty, thereby precluding their compliance with those provisions.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify">-Along with the signature or ratification, the state will submit specific language of "we ratify subject to…"</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify">-Ratifications are allowed so long as they are <strong>not incompatible with the "object and purpose" of the treaty.<p align="justify"></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify">-The UN Human Rights Committee will decide if the proposed reservation is “legal”, in that it is not contrary to the purpose of the treaty.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify">-Some treaties do not allow for reservations.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify"><u>Limitations</u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify">-The <strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights </strong>allows for states to make limitations to treaties as determined by the written laws of that particular state.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify">-Unlike reservations or derogations, limitations are invoked by <strong>local state laws </strong>rather than written into the treaty itself.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify">-Limitations allow for the interpretation of treaties to be <strong>culturally relative</strong>, in that the states are allowed national discretion in defining certain elements of the provisions and do not have to interpret strictly according to international norms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left" align="justify">-While the UDHR provides for this margin of appreciation, limitations must be in the written laws of the state and limitations may not arbitrarily applied.</p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: en-us; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">-Limitations are <strong>never allowed from the five categories of non-derogable rights</strong>, like torture or freedom from slavery.<br /><br /><br /><strong>إلى لقاء</strong><img alt=" " src="http://www.wataonline.net/site/uploads/smil3dbd4e398ff7b.gif" /></span></p>
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          • amshahbawy
            عضو منتسب
            • May 2006
            • 255

            #6
            _MD_RE: Human Rights Conventions and Treaties:.

            <p align="center"><font size="3"><strong><br /> </strong></font><span lang="EN-US" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 36pt; color: #3c0023; mso-hansi-font-family: arial; mso-bidi-font-family: arial; text-effect: emboss"><font size="3"><strong>Important Human Rights Conventions<br /> </strong></font><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in -16.7pt 0pt -9pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><font size="3"><strong><font color="#000000"> International</font> Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural     Rights (ICESCR<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> <span lang="AR-SA">(</span></span></strong></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in -16.7pt 0pt -9pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><font size="3"><strong><font color="#000000"> International Covenant on Civil and Political </font>Rights (ICCPR<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>(</span></strong></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in -16.7pt 0pt -9pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><font size="3"><strong> International Convention <font color="#000000">on the Elimination of All Forms of  Racism (CERD<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>(</span></font></strong></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in -16.7pt 0pt -9pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><font color="#000000"><font size="3"><strong> Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDA)</strong></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in -16.7pt 0pt -9pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><font color="#000000"><font size="3"><strong> Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT<span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl">(</span></strong></font></font><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: en-us; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa"><font color="#000000"><br /><font size="3"><strong> Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)</strong></font></font></span><font size="3"><strong>ـــــــــــــــــ</strong><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><span><strong>International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR</strong><font size="2"><strong>)</strong><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><font size="3"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><font size="3"><strong>Adopted on December 16, 1966 by the UN General Assembly.</strong></font></font><span><font color="#000000" size="3"><strong>145</strong></font></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><font size="3"><font color="#000000"> signing state parties. </font></font><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><font color="#000000" size="3">7</font></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><font size="3"><font color="#000000"> signatories.</font></font></strong><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><strong>The <country-region w:st="on" /><place w:st="on" />United States</place /></country-region /> signed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>ICESCR in October of 1977, but has not yet ratified.</strong></font></font><strong><strong><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><br />This convention codifies of a host of legal principles from the UDHR.</font></font></strong><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><strong>Specifically, it protects core economic and social rights of people, including the rights to employment of one’s choice</strong><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>fair wages</strong><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>safe and healthy working conditions</strong><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>equal work opportunity</strong><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>reasonable working hours</strong><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>form trade unions</strong><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>strik</strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl">, </span>social security</strong><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>maternity leave and other protections</strong></font></font></strong></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p></font></p><p></p></span></p><p></p>
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            • amshahbawy
              عضو منتسب
              • May 2006
              • 255

              #7
              _MD_RE: Human Rights Conventions and Treaties:.

              <br /><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><u><span style="font-size: 14pt">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)<p></p></span></u></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong>Adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 16, 1966.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>148</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span> signing state parties.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>8</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span> signatories.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><country-region w:st="on" /><place w:st="on" /><strong>United States</strong></place /></country-region /><strong> ratified the ICCPR on June 8, 1992, with exception including that these rights could not be enforced in US courts.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong>This convention protects the internationally recognized basic and inherent rights of people.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong>Specifically, it protects people’s rights to life<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span></span>pardon from death penalty<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>freedom from torture or cruel punishment<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>freedom from scientific experimentation and slavery<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>liberty of movement<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>equality before the courts<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>freedom of thought and religion<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>peaceful assembly, and to marry and have a family<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>.</span><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><u><span style="font-size: 14pt">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD)<p></p></span></u></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong>Adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 21, 1965.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>162</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span> signing state parties.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>9</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span> signatories.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><country-region w:st="on" /><strong>U.S.</strong></country-region /><strong> ratified CERD in October 1994, with the reservation that the <place w:st="on" /><country-region w:st="on" />U.S.</country-region /></place /><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Constitution grants greater freedom of expression and such will not be restricted by this Convention.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong>This convention affirms the elimination of racist practices and discrimination based on race or ethnic origin.<p></p></strong></p><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: en-us; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa">CERD specifically advances racial equality before the law, the condemnation of organizations which promote superiority and racial hatred, adoption of educational and cultural programs to promote racial tolerance, and other measures to control racial discrimination.</span></strong>
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              • amshahbawy
                عضو منتسب
                • May 2006
                • 255

                #8
                _MD_RE: Human Rights Conventions and Treaties:.

                <br /><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><u><span style="font-size: 14pt">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)<p></p></span></u></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>Adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 18, 1979.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>170</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span> signing parties.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>3</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span> signatories.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><country-region w:st="on" /><place w:st="on" /><strong>United States</strong></place /></country-region /><strong> signed CEDAW in July 1980, but has not yet ratified.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>Other signing-only states include <country-region w:st="on" />Afghanistan</country-region /> and <place w:st="on" />Sao Tome</place />.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>This convention ensures the equality of women and prevention of their exploitation.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>CEDAW expressly provides for individual states’ legislative measures to protect the human rights and fundamental freedoms of women, to suppress prostitution<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>exploitation and traffic of women<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>equal right to vote and participate in government<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>equal access to education<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>,</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span> employment, and health care, and other rights.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><u><span style="font-size: 14pt">Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT</span></u>)<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>Adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1994.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>130</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span> signing parties.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>11</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span> signatories.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><country-region w:st="on" /><place w:st="on" /><strong>U.S.</strong></place /></country-region /><strong> ratified CAT in October 1994, with reservation.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>This convention bans government sponsored torture under all circumstances and provides for victims’ rights to fair prosecution.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>Specifically, CAT mandates that states make torture illegal, promptly and impartially investigate and prosecute against torture<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>forbid the extradition of someone facing torture, and other preclusions of torture and other acts that rise to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><u><span style="font-size: 14pt">Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)<p></p></span></u></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>Adopted by the UN General Assembly on November 20, 1989.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>191</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span> signing states.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>2</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr"></span> signatories.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>United States is one of only two signatory countries, with <country-region w:st="on" /><place w:st="on" />Somalia</place /></country-region /> being the other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The <country-region w:st="on" /><place w:st="on" />U.S.</place /></country-region /> has yet to ratify the CRC.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>The CRC enumerates three categories of children’s rights: protections, provisions for basic needs, and program rights.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>Specifically, the CRC mandates for minimal nutritional, health care and educational standards<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>social programs, children’s freedom of thought and privacy<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>, </span>protection from abuse and economic and sexual exploitation, child’s right to leisure and play, and many other measures for the protection and physical and emotional development of children.<p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></strong></p>
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                • amshahbawy
                  عضو منتسب
                  • May 2006
                  • 255

                  #9
                  _MD_RE: Human Rights Conventions and Treaties:.

                  <span><u><br /><br /><strong>Enforcing the Conventions</strong></u><strong> </strong><p></p></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>Monitoring state commitment through progress reports <p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>The role of Special Rapporteurs <p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><u><span style="font-size: 14pt">Monitoring State Commitment to the Treaty <p></p></span></u></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>Once a treaty is ratified, the signing country has committed itself to providing the means by which the convention's principles maybe implemented:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>passing of laws, initiating government programming, and other means to achieve the aims. <p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>Each country is expected to make occasional reports to the United Nations General Assembly, updating on the actions that they have taken to implement the principles of the convention. <p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>Special Rapporteurs may be assigned to monitor a country’s progress on a particular convention and conduct independence investigations on behalf of the United Nations. <p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>There are no set reprimands for when a country deviates from a ratified treaty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>However, the effect of non-compliance with a ratified treaty may be more felt in the non-complying country’s diplomatic relations with other member states. <p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><u><span style="font-size: 14pt">The Role of Special Rapporteurs <p></p></span></u></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>Special Rapporteurs are assigned to a specific country to follow-up on that country’s progress in implementing their commitment to a convention’s principles. <p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>SRs have expertise on a certain topic and operate much like lawyers in evaluating a country’s commitment to the convention. <p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>SRs conduct country-based studies, including on-site investigations, to determine the country’s progress and adherence to that convention. <p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>SRs meet annually with the UN sub-commissions to discuss their reports and provide recommendations for action against a non-complying country. <p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><u><p><span style="text-decoration: none"></span></p></u></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><u>In Summation</u><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>:</span> <p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong><p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%"><strong>The United Nations has created Human Rights conventions for which its member states have varying levels of commitment. <p></p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong>To facilitate member states’ compliance to the principles of a convention on some level, states are afforded individual limitations and reservations allowing them a degree of cultural relativity over adhering to strict international norms. <p></p></strong></p><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-language: en-us; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa">While accountability for the deviation from conventions is not strictly enforced, the United Nations continues to monitor states’ progress through the use of Special Rapporteurs and progress report.</span></strong>
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                  • amshahbawy
                    عضو منتسب
                    • May 2006
                    • 255

                    #10
                    اتفاقية مناهضة التعذيب وغيره من ضروب المعاملة أو العقوبة القاسية

                    <div align="right"><table class="MsoTableGrid" dir="rtl" style="border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-dir: bidi; mso-border-insideh: 1.5pt double windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 1.5pt double windowtext" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="border-right: windowtext 6pt double; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: windowtext 6pt double; padding-left: 5.4pt; background: silver; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 1.5pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap 6.0pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><u><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">The target <p></p></span></u></strong></p></td><td style="border-right: #ebebe4; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: windowtext 6pt double; padding-left: 5.4pt; background: silver; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 6pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap 6.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><u><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">The source <p></p></span></u></strong></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="border-right: windowtext 6pt double; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 1.5pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center" align="center"><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;">اتفاقية مناهضة التعذيب وغيره من ضروب المعاملة أو العقوبة القاسية<p></p></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center" align="center"><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>أو غير الإنسانية أو المهينة.<p></p></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center" align="center"><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;">اعتمدتها الجمعية العامة وفتحت باب التوقيع والتصديق عليها والانضمام اليها<br />في القرار 39/46 المؤرخ في 10 كانون الأول / ديسمبر 1984<br />تاريخ بدء النفاذ: 26 حزيران/ يونيه 1987،وفقا للمادة 27 (1)</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><p></p></span></strong></p></td><td style="border-right: #ebebe4; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 6pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="H1" dir="ltr" style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: center" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 16pt">CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE<br />and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading<br />Treatment or Punishment</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><p></p></span></strong></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 187.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2"><td style="border-right: windowtext 6pt double; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 1.5pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; height: 187.5pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><strong>الديباجة:<p></p></strong></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;">إن الدول الأطراف في هذه الاتفاقية<p></p></span></u></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><p></p></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><p><span style="text-decoration: none"></span></p></span></u></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;">إذ ترى</span></u></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"> أن الاعتراف بحقوق أفراد الأسرة البشرية المتساوية وغير القابلة للتصرف هو،وفقا للمبادئ المعلنة في ميثاق الأمم المتحدة أساس الحرية والعدل والسلم في العالم ؛<p></p></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="AR-SA"><p></p></span></p></td><td style="border-right: #ebebe4; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 6pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; height: 187.5pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">The States Parties to this Convention,<p></p></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><p></p></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><p></p></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><p></p></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><p></p></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,</span></strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl"><p></p></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 59.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3"><td style="border-right: windowtext 6pt double; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 1.5pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; height: 59.25pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;">إذ تدرك</span></u></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"> أن هذه الحقوق تنبع من كرامة الإنسان المتأصلة؛<p></p></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><p><span style="text-decoration: none"></span></p></span></u></strong></p></td><td style="border-right: #ebebe4; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 6pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; height: 59.25pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">Recognizing that those rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person,<p></p></span></strong></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 101.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4"><td style="border-right: windowtext 6pt double; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 1.5pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; height: 101.25pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;">إذ ترى</span></u></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>التزام الدول بالعمل على تعزيز احترام حقوق الإنسان<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>والحريات الأساسية ومراعاتهما بموجب هذا الميثاق ولاسيما المادة (55) منه؛<p></p></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><p><span style="text-decoration: none"></span></p></span></u></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><p><span style="text-decoration: none"></span></p></span></u></strong></p></td><td style="border-right: #ebebe4; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 6pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; height: 101.25pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;"><p></p></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">Considering the obligation of States under the Charter, in particular Article 55, to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms,<p></p></span></strong></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 144.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5"><td style="border-right: windowtext 6pt double; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 1.5pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; height: 144.75pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;">إذ تأخذ بعين الاعتبار</span></u></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"> المادة (5) من الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان والمادة 7 من الميثاق الدولي للحقوق المدنية والسياسية واللاتي تنصا على عدم تعرض أي شخص للتعذيب وغيره من ضروب المعاملة أو العقوبة القاسية أو غير الإنسانية أو المهينة؛<p></p></span></strong></p></td><td style="border-right: #ebebe4; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 6pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; height: 144.75pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">Having regard to article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, both of which provide that no one may be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, <p></p></span></strong></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 45.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6"><td style="border-right: windowtext 6pt double; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 1.5pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; height: 45.75pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;">إذ تضع في اعتبارها</span></u></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"> أيضا إعلان حماية الأفراد ضد تعرضهم للتعذيب وغيره من ضروب المعاملة أو <u><p></p></u></span></strong></p></td><td style="border-right: #ebebe4; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 6pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; height: 45.75pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">Having regard also to the Declaration on the Protection of All <p></p></span></strong></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 82.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7"><td style="border-right: windowtext 6pt double; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 1.5pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; height: 82.5pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;">العقوبة القاسية أو غير الإنسانية أو المهينة, المعتمد من قبل الجمعية العامة في 9 كانون الاول/ ديسمبر 1975؛<p></p></span></strong></p></td><td style="border-right: #ebebe4; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 6pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; height: 82.5pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted by the General Assembly on 9 December 1975 (resolution 3452 (XXX)), <p></p></span></strong></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 71.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8"><td style="border-right: windowtext 6pt double; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 1.5pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; height: 71.85pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;">إذ ترغب</span></u></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"> في تفعيل مكافحة التعذيب وغيره من ضروب المعاملة أو العقوبة القاسية أو غير الإنسانية أو المهينة في جميع أنحاء<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>المعمورة؛<p></p></span></strong></p></td><td style="border-right: #ebebe4; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 6pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 1.5pt double; height: 71.85pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">Desiring to make more effective the struggle against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment throughout the world, <p></p></span></strong></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="border-right: windowtext 6pt double; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 1.5pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 6pt double; height: 16.5pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap 6.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap 6.0pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt"><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;">اتفقت على الآتي:<u><p></p></u></span></strong></p></td><td style="border-right: #ebebe4; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebebe4; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: windowtext 6pt double; width: 213.05pt; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: windowtext 6pt double; height: 16.5pt; background-color: transparent; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap 6.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap 6.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext" valign="top" width="284"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;book antiqua&quot;">Have agreed as follows:<p></p></span></strong></p></td></tr></table></div>
                    همم الرجــــال
                    أعلى من قمم الجبال

                    تعليق

                    • Muhammad
                      عضو منتسب
                      • Sep 2007
                      • 11

                      #11
                      _MD_RE: UN MANUAL FOR ARABIC TRANSLATOR.

                      شكرا جزيلا على هذه المعلومات القيمة التي اضافت لي الكثير من المعلومات
                      There is no god but ALLAH, and MUHAMMAD is the Messenger of ALLAH

                      تعليق

                      • amshahbawy
                        عضو منتسب
                        • May 2006
                        • 255

                        #12
                        _MD_RE: UN MANUAL FOR ARABIC TRANSLATOR.

                        <div dir="rtl" align="center"><table class="MsoNormalTable" dir="rtl" style="border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: auto auto auto 49.8pt; border-left: medium none; border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; mso-border-insideh: 1.5pt double windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 1.5pt double windowtext; mso-table-dir: bidi" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="border-right: windowtext 6pt double; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: windowtext 6pt double; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left: windowtext 1.5pt double; width: 163.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; border-bottom: windowtext 6pt double; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt" valign="top" width="218"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center"><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-language: ar-eg; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt">المادة(1): <p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 150%"><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-language: ar-eg; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt">أ-لأغراض هذا النظام, يعني مصطلح التعذيب تعمد ارتكاب أي فعل يلحق بالغ الضرر والمعاناة بشخص للحصول منه أومن شخص ثالث علي معلومات أو اعتراف أو لعقابه لفعل ارتكبه هو أو شخص ثالث أو يشتبه في ارتكابه له أو لترهيبه أو إرغامه<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>أو شخص ثالث أو لأي سبب مبنى على التمييز بشتى أنواعها وذلك عندما يتم ذلك التعذيب من قبل مسئول رسمي أو بموافقته أو إقراره<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>أو بتحريض منه أو من قبل شخص يمثله بصفة رسمية. ويستثنى من ذلك الألم والمعاناة الناجمين عن أمر متأصل أو عارض طبقا لقانون العقوبات؛ <p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> </span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-language: ar-eg; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></b><b><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-language: ar-eg; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt">ب- لا تتعارض هذه المادة مع أي من الصكوك الدولية أو تشريع وطني يتضمن أو يمكن أن يتضمن أحكاما ذات تطبيق أشمل؛ <p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> </span><span dir="ltr" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><p></p></span></p></td><td style="border-right: #d4d0c8; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: windowtext 6pt double; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; border-left: windowtext 6pt double; width: 156.95pt; padding-top: 0cm; border-bottom: windowtext 6pt double; background-color: transparent; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-thin-small-gap windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt" valign="top" width="209"><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 5pt 0cm; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt">Article 1 </span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-justify: kashida; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">For the purposes of this Convention, torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions. <p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> </span><span dir="ltr" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: left; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">This article is without prejudice to any international instrument or national legislation which does or may contain provisions of wider application</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">. </span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="rtl" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><p></p></span></b></p></td></tr></table></div><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span dir="ltr" style="mso-ansi-language: en-us"><p> </p></span></p>
                        همم الرجــــال
                        أعلى من قمم الجبال

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                        • MOHAMMED_YARMOUK
                          عضو منتسب
                          • Sep 2008
                          • 31

                          #13
                          _MD_RE: UN MANUAL FOR ARABIC TRANSLATOR.

                          شكرا جزيلا اخي الكرم


                          الموضوع ما شاء الله مشغول بشكل حلو و متعوب عليه


                          thank you very much
                          دعاء سيد الاستغفار

                          اللهم انت ربى لا اله الا انت.خلقتنى وانا عبدكـ
                          وانا على عهدك ووعدك ما استطعت اعوذ بكـ
                          من شر ما صنعت .ابوء لك بنعمتكـ
                          وابوء لك بذنبى فاغفرلى
                          فانه لا يغفر الذنوب الا انت


                          محمد بطاينة

                          تعليق


                          • #14
                            السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
                            معلومات قيمة جزاكي الله خيرا

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