جذور عربية جديدة للمفردات الإنجليزية

[أحمد الأقطش]

STEER
المعنى اللغوي: ثور صغير
Arab. thaor
---------------------

before 900; Middle English; Old English stēor; cognate with Dutch, German Stier, Old Norse stjōrr, Gothic stiur
American Heritage Dictionary

Middle English, from Old English stēor young ox; akin to Old High German stior young ox
Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary

O.E. steor "bullock," from P.Gmc. *steuraz (cf. O.S. stior, O.N. stjorr, Swed. tjur, Dan. tyr, M.Du., Du., Ger. stier, Goth. stiur "bull"), perhaps from PIE *steu-ro-, a base denoting strength, sturdiness
Online Etymology Dictionary

قال في لسان العرب (ثور): (("الثور": الذكر من البقر)). اهـ

[أحمد الأقطش]

CROW
المعنى اللغوي: غراب
Arab. ghorab
---------------------

Middle English crowe, Old English crāwe, crāwa; cognate with Old High German krāwa; akin to Dutch kraai, German Krähe
American Heritage Dictionary

Middle English crowe, from Old English crāwe; akin to Old High German krāwa crow, Old English crāwan to crow
Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary

O.E. crawe, imitative of bird's cry
Online Etymology Dictionary

قال في لسان العرب (غرب): (("الغراب": الطائر الأسود)). اهـ

[أحمد الأقطش]

RAVEN
المعنى اللغوي: غراب
Arab. gharabin
---------------------

Middle English; Old English hrǣfn; cognate with German Rabe, Old Norse hrafn
American Heritage Dictionary

Middle English, from Old English hræfn; akin to Old High German hraban raven, Latin corvus, Greek korax
Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary

O.E. hræfn (Mercian), hrefn; hræfn (Northumbrian, W.Saxon), from P.Gmc. *khrabanas (cf. O.N. hrafn, Dan. ravn, Du. raaf, O.H.G. hraban, Ger. Rabe "raven," O.E. hroc "rook"), from PIE base *qer-, *qor-, imitative of harsh sounds
Online Etymology Dictionary

قال في لسان العرب (غرب): (("غَرابـين:":جمعُ الجمع)). اهـ

[أحمد الأقطش]

HOOF
المعنى اللغوي: حافر، خـُف
Arab. khof
---------------------

Middle English (noun); Old English hōf; cognate with Old Frisian hōf, Dutch hoef, German Huf, Old Norse hōfr; compare Sanskrit śaphas
American Heritage Dictionary

Middle English, from Old English hōf; akin to Old High German huof hoof, Sanskrit śapha
Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary

O.E. hof, from P.Gmc. *khofaz (cf. O.Fris. hof, Dan. hov, Du. hoef, Ger. Huf "hof"), from PIE *kopos (cf. Skt. saphah "hoof").0
Online Etymology Dictionary

قال في لسان العرب (خفف): (("الخـُف":واحد أَخْفافِ البعير، وهو للبعير كالحافر للفرس)). اهـ

[أحمد الأقطش]

HARVEST
المعنى اللغوي: حصاد
الدلالة الأصلية: الخريف
Arab. kharif
---------------------

Middle English; Old English hærfest; cognate with German Herbst autumn
American Heritage Dictionary

Middle English hervest, from Old English hærfest; akin to Latin carpere to pluck, gather, Greek karpos fruit
Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary

O.E. hærfest "autumn," from P.Gmc. *kharbitas (cf. O.S. hervist, Du. herfst, Ger. Herbst "autumn," O.N. haust "harvest"), from PIE *kerp- "to gather, pluck, harvest" (cf. Skt. krpana- "sword," krpani "shears;" Gk. karpos "fruit," karpizomai "make harvest of;" L. carpere "to cut, divide, pluck;" Lith. kerpu "cut;" M.Ir. cerbaim "cut"). The borrowing of autumn and fall gradually focused its meaning after 14c. from "the time of gathering crops" to the action itself and the product of the action.0
Online Etymology Dictionary

قال في لسان العرب (خرف): (("الخريف": أحد فصول السنة .. وسُمي خريفاً لأنه تخرف فيه الثمار: أي تـُجتنى)). اهـ

[أحمد الأقطش]

CALL
المعنى اللغوي: نادَى
Arab. qal
---------------------

[align=left]O.E. ceallian "to call, shout," less common than clipian; replaced by related O.N. kalla "to cry loudly," from P.Gmc. *kallojanan (cf. Du. kallen "to talk," O.H.G. kallon "to call"), from PIE base *gal- "to call, scream, shriek, shout" (cf. Skt. garhati "bewail, criticize;" L. gallus "cock;" O.H.G. klaga, Ger. Klage "complaint, grievance, lament, accusation;" O.E. clacu "affront;" O.C.S. glasu "voice," glagolu "word;" Welsh galw "call").0
Online Etymology Dictionary[/align]

وهي من الفعل العربي: "قال".

[أحمد الأقطش]

TWIN
المعنى اللغوي: توأم
Arab. taw'am
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[align=left]O.E. twinn "consisting of two, twofold, double," probably ultimately from P.Gmc. *twinjaz (cf. O.N. tvinnr, O.Dan. tvinling, Du. tweeling, Ger. zwillung), from PIE *dwisno- (cf. L. bini "two each," Lith. dvynu "twins"), from *dwi- "double," from base *dwo- "two" (see two).0
Online Etymology Dictionary[/align]

قال في لسان العرب (تأم):
(("التوأم" من جميع الحيوان: المولود مع غيره في بَطن من الاثنين إلى ما زاد، ذكَراً كان أَو أُنْثى أَو ذكراً مع أُنثى. وقد يستعار في جميع المُزْدَوِجات، وأَصله ذلك)). اهـ

[أحمد الأقطش]

BIRD
المعنى اللغوي: طائر
Arab. wird
---------------------

[align=left]O.E., rare collateral form of bridd, originally "young bird, nestling" (the usual O.E. for "bird" being fugol), of uncertain origin with no cognates in any other Germanic language. The suggestion that it is related by umlaut to brood and breed is rejected by OED as "quite inadmissible." Metathesis of -r- and -i- was complete 15c. Middle English, in which bird referred to various young animals and even human beings, may have preserved the original meaning of this word. Despite its early attestation, bridd is not necessarily the oldest form of bird. It is usually assumed that -ir- from -ri- arose by metathesis, but here, too, the Middle English form may go back to an ancient period
Online Etymology Dictionary[/align]

قال في لسان العرب (ورد): (("الورد": القطيع من الطير)). اهـ

[أحمد الأقطش]

RIDE
المعنى اللغوي: ركب، امتطى
Arab. rad
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[align=left]O.E. ridan "ride" (as on horseback), "move forward, rock" (class I strong verb; past tense rad, pp. riden), from P.Gmc. *ridanan (cf. O.N. riða, O.Fris. rida, M.Du. riden, Ger. reiten), from PIE *reidh- "to ride" (cf. O.Ir. riadaim "I travel," O.Gaul. reda "chariot").0
Online Etymology Dictionary[/align]

قال في لسان العرب (روض):
(("راض" الدابَّة يَرُوضُها رَوْضاً ورِياضةً: وطَّأَها وذلَّلَها أَو عَلَّمها السيْر ... ورُضْتُ المُهْرَ أَرُوضُه رياضاً ورياضةً)). اهـ

[أحمد الأقطش]

TEAR
المعنى اللغوي: مزق
Arab. tar
---------------------

[align=left]O.E. teran (class IV strong verb; past tense tær, pp. toren), from P.Gmc. *teran (cf. O.S. terian, M.Du. teren "to consume," O.H.G. zeran "to destroy," Ger. zehren, Goth. ga-tairan "to tear, destroy"), from PIE *der- "tear" (cf. Skt. drnati "cleaves, bursts," Gk. derein "to flay," Arm. terem "I flay," O.C.S. dera "to burst asunder," Bret. darn "piece"). 0
Online Etymology Dictionary[/align]

قال في لسان العرب (طرر):
(("الطر": وهو القطع والشق ... وضربه فـأطرَّ يده: أي قطعها وأندرها)). اهـ

[أحمد الأقطش]

SING
المعنى اللغوي: غنـَّى
Arab. sang
---------------------

[align=left]O.E. singan "to chant, sing, tell in song," also used of birds (class III strong verb; past tense sang, pp. sungen), from P.Gmc. *sengwanan (cf. O.Fris. sionga, M.Du. singhen, O.H.G. singan, Ger. singen, Goth. siggwan, O.N. syngva, Swed. sjunga), from PIE base *sengwh- "to sing, make an incantation." No related forms in other languages, unless perhaps it is connected to Gk. omphe "voice" (especially of a god), "oracle;" and Welsh dehongli "explain, interpret."0
Online Etymology Dictionary[/align]

قال في لسان العرب (صنج):
(("الصَّنْج": ذو الأَوتار الذي يُلْعب به، واللاَّعب به يقال له: الصَّنَّاج والصَّنَّاجة. وكان أَعْشَى بَكْرٍ يسمى صَنَّاجة العرب لِجَوْدة شِعْره. و "صَنْجُ" الجنِّ: صوتُها. قال القَطامي:

تَبِيتُ الغُول تَهْرِج أَن تَرَاهُ :: :: :: وصَنْجُ الجِنِّ من طَرَبٍ يهِيمُ

وهو من الصَّنْج الذي تقدم؛ كأَن الجن تُغَنِّي بالصَّنْج)). اهـ

[أحمد الأقطش]

GRASS
المعنى اللغوي: عشب
Arab. gheras
---------------------

[align=left]O.E. græs, gærs "herb, plant, grass," from P.Gmc. grasan (cf. O.N., O.S., Du., O.H.G., Ger., Goth. gras, Swed. gräs), from PIE *ghros- "young shoot, sprout," from base *ghre- "to grow, become green" (related to grow and green).0
Online Etymology Dictionary[/align]

قال في لسان العرب (غرس):
(("غرس" الشجر والشجرة يغرِسها غَرْساً. و "الغَرْس": الشجر الذي يُغْرَس، والجمع أَغْراس ... و "الغِراس": ما يُغْرَس من الشجر)). اهـ

[أحمد الأقطش]

TABLE
المعنى اللغوي: منضدة
الدلالة الأصلية: لوح
Arab. tabl
---------------------

[align=left]late 12c., "board, slab, plate," from O.Fr. table "board, plank, writing table, picture" (11c.), and late O.E. tabele, from W.Gmc. *tabal (cf. O.H.G. zabel, Ger. Tafel), both from L. tabula "a board, plank, table," originally "small flat slab or piece" usually for inscriptions or for games, of uncertain origin, related to Umbrian tafle "on the board."0
Online Etymology Dictionary[/align]

قال في لسان العرب (طبل):
(("الطبل": معروف الذي يُضْرَب به وهو ذو الوجه الواحد والوجهين، والجمع أَطْبال وطُبُول .. والطَّبْلة شيء من خَشَب تتخذه النساء)). اهـ

[أحمد الأقطش]

GOD
المعنى اللغوي: إلـه
Arab. ghaoth
---------------------

[align=left]O.E. god "supreme being, deity; the Christian God; image of a god; godlike person," from P.Gmc. *guthan (cf. O.S., O.Fris., Du. god, O.H.G. got, Ger. Gott, O.N. guð, Goth. guþ), from PIE *ghut- "that which is invoked" (cf. O.C.S. zovo "to call," Skt. huta- "invoked," an epithet of Indra), from root *gheu(e)- "to call, invoke." But some trace it to PIE *ghu-to- "poured," from root *gheu- "to pour, pour a libation"0
Online Etymology Dictionary[/align]

تحت عنوان (God is non-Indo-European) كتب روبرت س. ب. بيكس:

There is no etymology of god that is satisfactory, though it has been given much attention. Two roots are evoked to explain the word: *gheuH- "to call" and *gheu- "to pour". Most scholars advocated the first root, as this looked semantically more attractive. Gmc. *guþa- would would continue *ghu-to- meaning "(the deity) summoned (to sacrifice)". 0
... ... ...
This root is not attested elsewhere in Germanic. This does not make it impossible that this one word contains this root, but it does weaken the etymology: that a word for 'god' was derived from this root as a specific development of Germanic. 0
... ... ...
Therefore Hoad, understandably, has given up and just notes: "of uncertain etymology". All proposals then are unconvincing and nearly impossible. I agree with Hoad then that we have to give up. This means of course that the word is a loan word, most probably from the substratum language(s) of Germanic. 0
... ... ...
Lehmann ends: "guþ may simply be a non-Indo-European word taken over from the earlier peoples in the Germanic era." This seems to me the right conclusion. 0

Robert S. P. Beekes, God is Non-Indo-European, pp. 27-30. From: Dirk Boutkan and Arend Quak (ed): Language Contact: Substratum, Superstratum, Adstratum in Germanic Languages, Rodopi, Amsterdam, 2000

قال في لسان العرب (غوث):
(("غوَّث" الرجل واستغاث: صاح واغوثاه وأغاثه الله .. والاسم: الغـَوث، والغـُواث، والغـَواث .. و "غوث" و "غياث" و "مغيث": أسماء .. و "يغوث": صنم كان لمذحج)). اهـ
وقال في مقاييس اللغة (غوث): ((الغين والواو والثاء كلمة واحدة، وهي "الغوث": من الإغاثة، وهي الإغاثة والنصرة عند الشدة)). اهـ

[أحمد الأقطش]

Ethel
المعنى اللغوي: اسم علم مؤنث
الدلالة الأصلية: نبيل، شريف
Arab. athal
---------------------

[align=left]fem. proper name, originally a shortening of O.E. Etheldred, Ethelinda, etc., in which the first element means "nobility." 0
Etheldred: Anglo-Saxon fem. proper name, O.E. Æðelðryð, lit. "of noble strength." 0
Online Etymology Dictionary[/align]

Old English: æþel-
Old Saxon: *athal
Old Dutch: *athal
Middle Dutch: adel
Dutch: adel
Old High German: adal
German: Adel
Old Norse: aðal
Icelandic: aðal
Faroese: aðal
Norwegian: adel
Swedish: adel
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Append...ic/a%C3%BEalan

يقول العالم اللغوي الألماني فينمان في كتابه (Europa Vasconia, Europa Semitica):

The Germanic word for the rulers, Old English æðel- (Proto-Germanic *aþal, German Adel), was given up after the Norman Conquest in 1066 ... Interestingly, the Proto-Germanic *aþal- word itself has no etymology. Möller (1911) noticed the striking resemblance between Proto-Germanic *aþal and the Arabic root a-t-l and interpreted the words as the same etymon of a shared Nostratic proto-language. Since *aþal, being strictly Germanic, is not likely to derive from Proto-Indo-European, this explanation is problematic. However, in a framework of superstratal Atlantic influence on Germanic, Semitic is the obvious source of study. Hebrew asyly, vocalized asile, plur. constr. 'the nobles', and Arabic atalun (older transcription aþalu) 'glory, honor, dignity, nobility' fulfill the etymological criteria, providing both a good phonological match and a semantic correspondance. 0
Theo Vennemann: Europa Vasconica, Europa Semitica, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2003, p. xviii

قال في لسان العرب (أثل):
(("الأثال" بالفتح: المجد، وبه سُمِّي الرجل. ومجد مؤثل: قديم، ومجد أثيل أيضاً ... وكل شيء قديم مؤصَّل: أثيل، ومؤثل، ومتأثل)). اهـ