في اللسانيات التوليدية

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    إدارة المنتديات
    • May 2006
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    في اللسانيات التوليدية

    <p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 18pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">في اللسانيات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 18pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 18pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">التوليدية<br />للدكتور محمد عمر أمطوش</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ما يلي جواب على سؤال أحد الطلاب في</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">منتدى خاص حول اللسانيات التوليدية وقد نشرته في هذا الملف لكي يستفيد السائل مما</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">قيل عاليه في مجال الدلالية التوليدية شاكرا كاتب النص السالف على حسن فعله آملا من</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الزملاء تغذية هذا الملف بما ينفع المبتدئ والمتبحر من هذه</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الكتابات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ولا أهدف هنا قطعا إلى تقديم نظرة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">شاملة موسعة أو جديدة عن النظرية التوليدية فذلك هدف يتطلب مجلدات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">كاملة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وما أقصده بسيط في مراميه</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> : </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">تقديم</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">صورة مبسطة لبعض منطلقات هذه المدرسة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وبداية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> : </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">يقال</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> "</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">النحو التوليدي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>" </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">أو</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> "</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">النحو التحويلي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>" </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ومن الأحسن استعمال التوليدي لأن التحويلي ما هو إلا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">حالة خاصة للتوليدي عند شومسكي وقد تستعمل</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> "</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">التحويلية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>" </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">في نظريات أخرى</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">مغايرة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اللسانيات التوليدية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">والتوزيعية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>:</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">إذا كان هاريس قد سار باللسانيات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">التوزيعية إلى أقصى مداها فإن تلميذه ناعوم شومسكي بعد أن اهتم بصورنة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">بالمعنى المنطقي الرياضي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">المفاهيم</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الأساسية في النظرية التوزيعية قد طرح بعد ذلك مفهوما جديدا عرف بالتوليدية في</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اللسانيات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وهو مفهوم يتعارض مع أسس</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">التوزيعية وسيطر على ميدان الدراسات اللسانية الأمريكية وغيرها ما بين</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> 1960 </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">و</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>1985.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ولم يحتفظ ناعوم شومسكي من</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">التوزيعية إلا بخاصتها التوضيحية المُفصِحة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">فالتوزيعية هي مفصحة أي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">أنها لا تستعمل نتائج وصفها للغات ولا تستعمل أي مفهوم أساسي غير معرف وأن أية فكرة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">يتوجب أن تكون معرفة مسبقا في اللغة المدروسة والموصوفة أو في اللسان عموما؛ وفكرة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">المحيط هي محورية عنده</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">أية وحدة في ملفوظ</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">محاطة بوحدات ما</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">و هي مفهومة لمن لا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">تجربة كلامية شخصية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وهذا كافتراض</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">عبثي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>).</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وهنا يكمن حسب شومسكي تفوق</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">التوزيعية على باقي النحويات التقليدية وأيضا على اللسانيات الوظيفية والتي اهتمت</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">بمقولات الترابط</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">سلسلة مرتبطة بأخرى</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">أو التعارض بين مسند وخبر</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>(</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">سلسلة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">كلم ما تمثل قصد الحديث وأخرى ما نريد إبلاغه</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وفهمها جزء من ملكة اللغة وبالتالي وخوفا من تحصيل الحاصل لا يمكن أن تتخذ</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">منطلقا لتفسير هذه الملكة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">و شومسكي يرى أن التوزيعية جريا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وراء الإفصاح تقدم تنازلات يستحيل تقبلها</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">فأولا تحصر التوزيعية بشكل ضيق مجال</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">موضوعها لأن اللغة أوسع وتختلف عن المتن</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وحيث أن المتن تعريفا هو مجموعة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">محصورة من الملفوظات، إن أن كل لغة تمكن من عدد غير محصور من</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الملفوظات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>: </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">لأنه لا حد لعدد</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> "</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">التعابير</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>" </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الممكن تضمينها في جملة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">عربية مثلا، إذ يمكن انطلاقا من أي ملفوظ عربي إنشاء ملفوظ آخر تام النحوية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">والتكوين</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> ( </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">بزيادة موصولة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">مثلا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>).</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وبحكم منهجيتها فإن التوزيعية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">تتجاهل هذه القدرة الغير محصورة الموجودة في كل لغة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> ( </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وهو ما يسميه شومسكي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">بالابتكار الذي تمنحه اللغة للناطقين بها ويمكنهم من بناء وإنشاء ملفوظات جديدة عوض</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الاكتفاء بالاختيار من بين رصيد جملي سابق الوجود</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>).</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وأزيد من ذلك فاللغة ليست مجموعة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ملفوظات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">محدودة أم لا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ولكنها علم بهذه</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الملفوظات ذاتها</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">فلا يمكن الحديث عن</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">معرفة شخص بلغة ما إذا لم يكن قادرا على التفريق بين الملفوظات الغامضة الملتبسة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">والملفوظات أحادية التفسير وإذا كان لا يرى بأن ملفوظات لها نفس البناء التركيبي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وبأن الأخرى مختلفة التركيب أي أنه لا يفطن للفرق والتشابه بين</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">التراكيب</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ولكن التوزيعيين يجردون اغتباطا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الناطقين من هذا العلم بلغتهم الخاصة، ويكتفون بوصف طريقة تآلف الوحدات فيما بينها</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">داخل الملفوظات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وحتى لو تقبلنا اختزال المجال</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الموصوف المدروس</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">إذ وصف الكلمحال</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">فهناك تنازل وتجاهل آخر للتوزيعيين ينتقده شومسكي وهو الاكتفاء بالوصف دون</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">التفسير</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وسيرا على هذه المنهجية يكون تلامذة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">بلومفيلد أوفياء لمنهج تجريبي يرى أن العلم يجب أن يكتفي بوصف الظواهر وترتيبها</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وبذلك تختزل مهمة الباحث إلى جور التصنيف، وهذا بالذات هو هم التوزيعية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الأساسي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">حيث يغدو النحو ترتيبا لا غير لأقسام الكلم</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>( </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">صواتم وصياغم وكلمات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>...) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وحيث أن القصد هو جمع المتشابه من الأقسام والأجناس المتوزعة فإنه يمكن، كما</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">قال هاريس، من أن تصبح التوزيعية نوعا من الوصفية الكتلية لمتن ومن خلال هذا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الترتيب يصبح ممكنا إعادة صياغة كل ملفوظات المتن</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وعلى العكس فبالنسبة لشومسكي فإن هدف أي علم متطور ومنها</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اللسانيات يتجاوز حدود الوصف والترتيب إلى تقديم أطروحات مفسرة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ويجب أن لا تكتفي اللسانيات بتجديد</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ما هي الحالات والكتل الممكنة والمحالة والمستحيلة والملتبسة أو المتقاربة بل يجب</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ربط هذه الجزئيات بما هو أعم أي لغات البشرية وطبيعة قدرة البشر</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اللغوية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ولذلك طرح شومسكي تعريفا جديدا للنحو وللسانيات يجمع بين الشمولية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">والتفسيرية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وبالنسبة لشومسكي فإن وصف التركيب</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">النحو التوليدي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">للغة ما هو إلا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">مجموعة القواعد والتعليمات والتي بتطبيقها الآلي ينتج ملفوظ مقبول، أي نحوي، في هذه</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اللغة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وآلية هذه القواعد النحوية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وتواترها تضمن وضوحها وفصاحتها وشموليتها وأي نحو ما هو إلا نظام شكلي رياضي ويكفي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">معرفة كيفية التعامل معه وبعناصره بكيفية تحددها القواعد</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>(</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">كالتعويض والحذف والزيادة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>).</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وحيث أن هذه العمليات لا تتطلب سابق</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">معرفة باللسانيات فإنه يمكن اعتبار النحو كوصف شامل للغة ما</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ولكي يكون النحو بهذه</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الشمولية يجب أن يساير شرطين</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>: </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">قدرة هذا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">النحو على توليد كل ملفوظات لغة لا غيرها بلا استثناء</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">هذا الشرط هو شرط المعاينة وهي بالنسبة لشومسكي ضعيفة التأثير</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">لأن أية لغة يمكن أن تتحمل أزيد من نحو وحيد، زد لذلك أن كثيرا من الملفوظات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">والتراكيب يصعب تحديد مقبوليتها أو استحالتها بوضوح، وعلينا في هذه الحالة القبول</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">في ذات الوقت بالنحو الذي يقبلها والنحو الذي يرفضها</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">والشرط الآخر هو</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> "</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الملائمة القوية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>" </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وهي ترتبط بعلم</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الناطق الحسي على تمييز ملفوظات اللغة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ويجب أن تكون هذه المعرفة معممة وآلية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">فبالنسبة للملفوظات الملتبسة يجب الرجوع إلى أسباب تولد هذا اللبس وبالضرورة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">فإن هناك علة ونفس الشيء صحيح للملفوظات المتقاربة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">و بتبني شرط الملائمة المطلقة يبتعد</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">شومسكي عن التوزيعية ومحاولتها وضع طرق آلية لاكتشاف النحو انطلاقا من المتن فإحساس</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الناطق لا يمكن تأليله مباشرة واستكشاف ذلك هو من عمل النحوي وقد يؤلل إنتاج الجمل</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">بعد هذا الاكتشاف الأولي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ورغم أن النحو التوليدي الشومسكي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">آلية مجردة فإن شومسكي لم يقل بأن الناطق يحاكي هذه الآلية حين يتلفظ في حياته</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">العادية إذ أن نمط شومسكي ليس</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> "</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">نمط إنتاج</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>" </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وهو ليس بنمط نفسي فهو لا يتعدى كونه وسيلة رياضية لمقاربة قدرات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الناطق</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وفي الحقيقة فبعمومية توليدية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">شومسكي وخصوصيتها الطبيعية لا يمكن التهرب من ربط الوسائل التوليدية بالآليات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الذهنية وبالتالي إقحام التفسير النفسي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">إن الملائمة المطلقة تترك جانبا حل</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">مسألة تعدد النحو وتترك خيار النحو مفتوحا إذ أن هذه المسألة هي من شأن</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اللسانيات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ويمكننا ترتيب أصناف النحو حسب نوعية الآليات المستعملة لتوليد الجمل أي حسب</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">شكل القواعد</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ويسمى شومسكي النظرية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اللسانية كل نمط نحوي ممكن أي ذلك القالب الذي يشكل النحو</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ولو تمكنا من تحديد واختيار نظرية معينة سنحصر بالتالي عدد</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">أصناف النحو الممكنة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ولو كان بإمكاننا اختيار نظرية بدل</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">أخرى لانتقينا النحو الممكن للغة معينة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">إذن ما هي الشروط الأساسية لتكون</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">النظرية ملائمة؟</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">لكل لغة يمكن أن نبني انطلاقا من</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">نمط هذه النظرية نحوا وصفيا ومشهودا ويجب أن تكون النظرية شاملة، غير أن هذا الشرط</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ليس بمتحقق</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13
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